Citation Classics

The number of times that a paper is cited is one indication of the value of that paper to the scientific community. The data bases maintained by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) - Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, and Journal Citation Reports - provide a simple, although certainly not perfect, method for assessing the number of times a paper has been cited.

We recently reviewed publications from the Appalachian Laboratory, using the online versions of Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), and categorized contributions into three classes: a) "classics" which have cited at least 75 times; b) "mega classics" cited at least 150 times; and c) "summa classics" which have been cited more than 300 times.

The results are:

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Citation Classics
The number of times that a paper is cited is one indication of the value of that paper to the scientific community. The data bases maintained by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) - Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, and Journal Citation Reports - provide a simple, although certainly not perfect, method for assessing the number of times a paper has been cited. We recently reviewed publications from the Appalachian Laboratory, using the online versions of Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), and categorized contributions into three classes: a) "classics" which have cited at least 75 times; b) "mega classics" cited at least 150 times; and c) "summa classics" which have been cited more than 300 times. The results are:
Classics (cited at least 75 times)
	Times Cited: 106	Ashmun, J. W., R. J. Thomas, and L. F. Pitelka. 1982. Translocation of photo-assimilates between sister ramets in 2 rhizomatous forest herbs. Annals of Botany 49:403-415.
	Times Cited: 148	Bartell, S. M., J. E. Breck, R. H. Gardner, and A. L. Brenkert. 1986. Individual parameter perturbation and error analysis of fish bioenergetics models. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:160-168.
	Times Cited: 126	Castro, M. S., W. T. Peterjohn, J. M. Melillo and P. A. Steudler. 1994. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the fluxes of N2O, CH4, and CO2 from soils in a Florida slash pine plantation. Can. J. of For. Res. 24:9-13.
	Times Cited: 108	Castro, M. S., P. A. Steudler, J. M. Melillo, J. D. Aber, and R. D. Bowden. 1995. Factors controlling atmospheric methane consumption by temperate forest soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9:1-10.
	Times Cited: 86	Chasko, G. G., and J. E. Gates. 1982. Avian habitat suitability along a transmission line corridor in an oak hickory forest region. Wildlife Monographs 82:1-41
	Times Cited: 84	Gardner, R.H. and R.V. O'Neill. 1991. Pattern, process and predictability: the use of neutral models for landscape analysis. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner, eds. Springer Verlag, New York. pp:289-307.
	Times Cited: 79	Gardner, R. H., R. V. O'Neill, J. B. Mankin, and J. H. Carney. 1981. A comparison of sensitivity analysis and error analysis based on a stream ecosystem model. Ecological Modelling 12:173-190.
	Times Cited: 81	Hickman, J.C. and L. F. Pitelka. 1975. Dry weight indicates energy allocation in ecological strategy analysis of plants. Oecologia 21:117-121.
	Times Cited: 94	Hoogland, J. L. 1979. Aggression, ectoparasitism, and other possible costs of prairie dog (Sciuridae: Cynomys spp.) coloniality. Behaviour 69:1-35.
	Times Cited: 96	Hoogland, J. L. 1979. The effect of colony size on individual alertness of prairie dogs (Sciuridae: Cynomys spp.). Animal Behaviour 27:394-407.
	Times Cited: 117	Hoogland, J. L. 1981. The evolution of coloniality in white-tailed and black-tailed prairie dogs (Sciuridae: Cynomys leucurus and C. ludovicianus). Ecology 62:252-272.
	Times Cited: 131	Hoogland, J. L. 1982. Prairie dogs avoid extreme inbreeding. Science 215:1639-1641.
	Times Cited: 89	Hoogland, J. L. 1985. Infanticide in prairie dogs: Lactating females kill offspring of close kin. Science 230:1037-1040.
	Times Cited: 98	Pitelka, L. F. 1977. Energy allocation in annual and perennial lupines (lupinus leguminosae). Ecology 58:1055-1065.
	Times Cited: 90	Pitelka, L. F., D. S. Stanton, and M. O Peckenham. 1980. Effects of light and density on resource-allocation in a forest herb, aster-acuminatus (compositae). American Journal of Botany 67:942-948.
	Times Cited: 111	Pitelka, L. F., R. H. Gardner, J. Ash, S. Berry, H. Gitay, I. R. Noble, A. Saunders et al. 1997. Plant migration and climate change. American Scientist 85:464-473.
	Times Cited: 107	Plotnick, R. E., R. H. Gardner, and R. V. O'Neill. 1993. Lacunarity indexes as measures of landscape texture. Landscape Ecology 8:201-211.
	Times Cited: 111	Sugg, D. W., R. K. Chesser, F. S. Dobson, and J. L. Hoogland. 1996. Population genetics meets behavioral ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11:338-342.
	Times Cited: 138	Turner, M. G., R. H. Gardner, V. H. Dale, and R. V. O'Neill. 1989. Predicting the spread of disturbance across heterogeneous landscapes. Oikos 55:121-129.
	Times Cited: 110	Turner, M. G., W. H. Romme, R. H. Gardner, R. V. O'Neill, and T. K. Kratz. 1993. A revised concept of landscape equilibrium - disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes. Landscape Ecology 8:213-227.
	Times Cited: 133	Turner, M. G., W. W. Hargrove, R. H. Gardner, and W. H. Romme. 1994. Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:731-742.
	Times Cited: 132	Turner, M. G., W. H. Romme, R. H. Gardner, and W. W. Hargrove. 1997. Effects of fire size and pattern on early succession in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Monographs 67:411-433.


Mega Classics (cited at least 150 times)
	Times Cited: 250	Gardner, R. H., B. T. Milne, M. G. Turner, and R. V. O'Neill. 1987. Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology 1:19-28.
	Times Cited: 177	Gustafson, E. J. and R.H. Gardner. 1996. The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization. Ecology 77:94-107.
	Times Cited: 200	Hoogland, J. L. 1995. The Black-tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL.
	Times Cited: 258	Krummel, J. R., R. H. Gardner, G. Sugihara, R. V. O'Neill, and P. R. Coleman. 1987. Landscape patterns in a disturbed environment. Oikos 48:321-324.
	Times Cited: 217	Mooney, H. A., B.G. Drake, R. J. Luxmoore, W. C. Oechel, and L. F. Pitelka. 1991. Predicting ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 concentrations. Bioscience 41:96-104.
	Times Cited: 257	Pitelka L.F. and J. W. Ashmun. 1985. Physiology and integration of ramets in clonal plants. J. B. Jackson, L. W. Buss, and R. F. Cook (eds), Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, London, pp. 399–437.
	Times Cited: 163	Pitelka, L. F. (and 26 other authors, VEMAP members). 1995. Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project: Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9:407-437.
	Times Cited: 164	With, K. A., R. H. Gardner, and M. G. Turner. 1997. Landscape connectivity and population distributions in heterogeneous environments. Oikos 78:151-169.

Summa Classics (cited at least 300 times)
	Times Cited: 332	Bazzaz, F. A., N. R., Chiariello, P. D. Coley, and L. F. Pitelka. 1987. Allocating resources to reproduction and defense. Bioscience 37:58-67.
	Times Cited: 512	Gates, J. E. and L. W. Gysel. 1978. Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones. Ecology 59:871-883.
	Times Cited: 340	Hoogland, J. L. and P. W. Sherman. 1976. Advantages and disadvantages of bank swallow (Riparia-riparia) coloniality. Ecological Monographs 46:33-58.